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Academic Writing: Research on Your Topics

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Source & Further Reading:
The Information Literacy User’s Guide - Chapter 3 Plan

Reliable Resources for Academic Writing

Knowing the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources helps you understand whether the information is in its original format or has been reinterpreted.

Primary Sources These resources are in their original form, the information in primary sources has reached us from its creators without going through any filter. 

e.g.

  • Any literary work, including novels, plays, and poems.
  • Breaking news.
  • Music and dance performances.
  • Eyewitness accounts, including photographs and recorded interviews.
  • Artworks.
  • Data.
  • Artifacts such as tools, clothing, or other objects.
  • Original documents etc.
Secondary Source These sources are translated, repackaged, restated, analyzed, or interpreted information from a primary source. Thus, the information comes to us secondhand, or through at least one filter. 

e.g. 

  • All nonfiction books and magazine articles except autobiography.
  • An article or website that critiques a novel, play, painting, or piece of music.
  • An article or website that synthesizes expert opinion and several eyewitness accounts for a new understanding of an event.
  • The literature review portion of a journal article.
Tertiary Source These sources further repackage the original information used in secondary sources as they index, condense, or summarize the original. They are usually publications that you are not intended to read from cover to cover but to dip in and out of for the information you need. 

e.g.

  • Almanacs
  • Dictionaries
  • Guide books, including the one you are now reading
  • Bibliographies
  • Encyclopedias, including Wikipedia
  • Most textbooks

Sources & Further Readings:
The Information Literacy User’s Guide - Chapter 5 Evaluate
Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research - 4. Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Sources

Recommended Readings